ETF Taxation in India: Equity, Debt, Gold and Silver ETFs (FY 2025-26)

Not all ETFs in India are taxed the same way. An equity ETF, a debt ETF, and a gold ETF may all trade on the stock exchange, but their tax treatment can be very different. The underlying exposure is what determines the tax outcome, not the fact that the instrument is exchange-listed.

This guide covers how each category of ETF is taxed in FY 2025-26, what changed from earlier years, and where classification still requires careful checking before assuming a tax outcome.

ETF Taxation in India: At a Glance (FY 2025-26)

• ETFs are taxable in India. Both capital gains on sale and IDCW distributions are taxable events.
• Equity-oriented ETFs qualify for equity capital gains treatment (STCG at 20%, LTCG at 12.5% above Rs 1.25 lakh annual exemption) if they meet the domestic equity exposure threshold. STT must be paid on sale.
• Gold and silver ETFs are listed securities. Their LTCG holding period is 12 months. STCG is taxed at slab rate; LTCG at 12.5% without indexation. The Rs 1.25 lakh annual exemption does not apply. STT is NOT applicable on gold and silver ETF transactions.
• Debt ETF taxation depends on structure. From FY 2025-26, Section 50AA's short-term deeming rule applies only to funds investing more than 65% in debt and money market instruments. Gold ETFs and international ETFs are no longer covered by Section 50AA from FY 2025-26.
• No GST applies to the purchase or sale of gold ETF, silver ETF, or gold/silver mutual fund units. Physical gold and physical silver attract 3% GST at purchase.
• IDCW distributions, where an ETF offers and makes them, are taxed at the investor's applicable slab rate, irrespective of ETF type.
• Exchange listing alone does not determine tax treatment. The ETF's underlying exposure and applicable classification rules govern the outcome.

What Is an ETF and How Does It Work?

An ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) is a market-linked investment that usually tracks an index, a basket of securities, or a commodity like gold. It trades on the stock exchange like a share, with prices fluctuating through the trading day.

Being listed on an exchange does not automatically determine the tax treatment. For holding period purposes, listed ETF units are treated as listed securities, which means a 12-month threshold for long-term status. However, the applicable tax rate depends on what the ETF holds: equity-oriented rules apply to equity ETFs, while non-equity rates apply to gold, silver, and debt ETFs.

How Are ETFs Taxable in India?

ETF investors can face tax in two ways.

• IDCW distributions: If the ETF distributes income under the Income Distribution cum Capital Withdrawal option, that amount is taxable in the investor's hands at the applicable slab rate.
• Capital gains on sale: When ETF units are sold at a profit, tax depends on whether the ETF is equity-oriented or non-equity, the applicable holding period, and any special classification rules that apply to the fund.

Holding Periods by ETF Type (FY 2025-26)

For listed securities, the holding period for long-term status is 12 months. For unlisted securities and physical assets, it is 24 months. Listed ETF units, whether equity, gold, silver, or debt, therefore qualify for long-term treatment after 12 months, not 24 months.

How Equity ETFs Are Taxed (FY 2025-26)

An equity ETF is generally taxed like other eligible equity assets when it qualifies as equity-oriented, meaning it maintains the required level of investment in domestic equity shares under the applicable rules.

1. STCG on Equity ETFs

Short-term capital gains on eligible equity-oriented ETFs held for 12 months or less are taxed at 20% under Section 111A. Surcharge and 4% health and education cess apply on top.

2. LTCG on Equity ETFs

Long-term capital gains are taxed at 12.5% under Section 112A on gains above the annual Rs 1.25 lakh exemption, where the ETF qualifies for equity-style treatment and STT was paid. The Rs 1.25 lakh exemption is an annual aggregate across all eligible equity LTCG, not a per-ETF or per-holding benefit. If LTCG from multiple equity holdings combined crosses Rs 1.25 lakh in a financial year, the excess is taxed at 12.5%.

Example: Tax on Equity ETF Gains

An investor buys an eligible equity ETF for Rs 8,45,000 and sells it after 13 months for Rs 10,55,000.

Illustrative only. Excludes surcharge and cess. The Rs 1.25 lakh exemption is an annual aggregate. If other equity LTCG was realised in the same year, the exemption available here may be lower or nil.

How Debt ETFs Are Taxed (FY 2025-26)

Debt ETF taxation is not one rule for all products, and it changed materially in FY 2025-26 relative to FY 2024-25.

Section 50AA: What It Does and What Changed

Section 50AA (introduced by Finance Act 2023) deems gains from certain fund structures as short-term capital gains regardless of holding period, taxing them at slab rates. The definition of "specified mutual fund" was amended by the Finance (No.2) Act 2024.

Current Rules for Debt ETFs in FY 2025-26

For debt ETFs that fall within the revised Section 50AA definition (more than 65% in debt and money market instruments), gains continue to be treated as short-term regardless of holding period and are taxed at the investor's applicable slab rate. For debt ETFs that do not meet this threshold, normal listed securities rules apply: LTCG after 12 months at 12.5%, STCG at slab rate.

Product structure, underlying composition, and acquisition date all matter. The classification should be verified for the specific fund before assuming the applicable rule.

How Gold and Silver ETFs Are Taxed (FY 2025-26)

Gold and silver ETFs are not taxed like equity ETFs. They do not qualify as equity-oriented. However, because they are listed on the exchange, they benefit from the 12-month holding period for long-term status, which is shorter than the 24 months required for physical gold/silver or gold/silver mutual fund FoF structures.

• STCG (held 12 months or less): taxed at the investor's applicable slab rate.
• LTCG (held more than 12 months): taxed at 12.5% without indexation.
• The annual Rs 1.25 lakh LTCG exemption available for eligible equity gains does not apply to gold or silver ETFs.
• From FY 2025-26, gold and silver ETFs are no longer covered by Section 50AA. Their gains follow normal listed non-equity securities rules.

STT on Gold and Silver ETFs

STT (Securities Transaction Tax) is NOT applicable on gold ETF or silver ETF transactions. STT applies only to equity-oriented ETFs. The absence of STT on gold/silver ETF trades does not affect their capital gains rates, which are governed by listed securities rules regardless of whether STT is paid.

GST on Gold and Silver ETF Purchases

No GST applies to the purchase or sale of gold ETF units or silver ETF units. Gold and silver ETFs are securities, and securities transactions are exempt from GST. By contrast, physical gold and physical silver purchases attract 3% GST, and digital gold also attracts 3% GST. This makes ETFs more cost-efficient than physical metal at the point of purchase, in addition to storage and making-charge differences.

Physical Silver vs Silver ETF vs Silver FoF vs Digital Silver: Tax Comparison

Silver can be held in several forms in India, and the tax treatment differs meaningfully across them. The table below covers the key differences for FY 2025-26.

Digital silver is not regulated by SEBI or RBI. Gains from digital silver are taxed like physical silver for capital gains purposes. Physical silver making charges (for jewellery/artifacts) attract 5% GST. All rates exclude surcharge and 4% Health and Education Cess.

Gold ETF vs Physical Gold vs SGB vs Gold Mutual Fund: Tax Comparison

Gold is available in more investment forms than silver, including Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs). The tax treatment differs across each form.

SGB capital gains exemption applies only to redemption at maturity with RBI. Early redemption after Year 5 through RBI is also exempt. Exchange sale before maturity is taxed as capital gains. All rates exclude surcharge and 4% Health and Education Cess. SGB issuances have been paused since FY 2023-24; existing SGBs continue to trade on exchanges.

ETF Tax Comparison Table (FY 2025-26)

How ETF Losses Can Be Set Off

ETF capital losses can be set off only against capital gains, not against salary or other income categories.

• Short-term capital loss can be set off against both STCG and LTCG from any capital asset.
• Long-term capital loss can be set off only against LTCG from any capital asset.
• Eligible unabsorbed capital losses can be carried forward for up to 8 assessment years, subject to timely return filing and other applicable conditions.

The set-off rules are based on the nature of the loss (short-term or long-term), not the asset category. A long-term capital loss from a gold or silver ETF sale can therefore be set off against long-term capital gains from equity ETFs or any other capital asset in the same financial year.

Common Mistakes in ETF Taxation

FAQs

1. Are ETFs taxable in India?

Yes. ETF investors face tax on IDCW distributions (at slab rate) and on capital gains when units are sold. The applicable rate depends on the type of ETF and the holding period.

2. Are all ETFs taxed the same way?

No. Equity ETFs, debt ETFs, and gold or silver ETFs have different applicable rates and rules. The underlying composition of the fund and its classification under the Income Tax Act determine the outcome.

3. What is the LTCG tax rate on equity ETFs?

For eligible equity-oriented ETFs, LTCG is taxed at 12.5% under Section 112A on gains above the annual Rs 1.25 lakh exemption. The exemption is an annual aggregate across all eligible equity LTCG, not a per-ETF benefit.

4. What is the STCG rate on equity ETFs?

Short-term capital gains on eligible equity-oriented ETFs (held 12 months or less) are taxed at 20% under Section 111A, plus applicable surcharge and 4% cess.

5. What is the holding period for a gold ETF to qualify for LTCG?

For a listed gold ETF, the holding period for long-term status is more than 12 months, since listed ETF units are listed securities. This is different from physical gold or gold mutual fund FoF structures, which require more than 24 months. Both are taxed at 12.5% LTCG, but the threshold to reach LTCG treatment differs.

6. Is STT applicable on gold ETFs in India?

No. STT (Securities Transaction Tax) does not apply to gold ETFs, silver ETFs, liquid ETFs, or gilt ETFs. STT applies only to equity-oriented ETFs. The absence of STT on gold and silver ETF transactions does not affect their capital gains rates, which are governed by normal listed securities rules regardless.

7. Is GST applicable on the purchase of gold or silver ETF units?

No. Gold ETF units and silver ETF units are securities, and their purchase and sale are exempt from GST. Physical gold and physical silver attract 3% GST at purchase. Digital gold also attracts 3% GST. This makes ETFs more cost-efficient at the point of purchase compared to physical metal.

8. How does silver ETF taxation compare with physical silver?

The key difference is the holding period for LTCG. A listed silver ETF qualifies for LTCG after more than 12 months. Physical silver, digital silver, and a silver FoF (unlisted structure) all require more than 24 months. The LTCG rate is 12.5% in all cases. Physical silver also attracts 3% GST at purchase; silver ETF units do not. Please consult a qualified Chartered Accountant for guidance specific to your transactions.

9. Do gold ETFs get the Rs 1.25 lakh LTCG exemption?

No. The Rs 1.25 lakh annual LTCG exemption under Section 112A applies only to eligible equity assets (equity shares, equity-oriented mutual funds, and units of business trusts). Gold and silver ETFs are not equity-oriented and do not qualify for this exemption.

10. Are debt ETFs always taxed at slab rate?

Not in all cases. From FY 2025-26, Section 50AA's STCG deeming rule applies only to funds investing more than 65% in debt and money market instruments. For debt ETFs that do not meet this threshold, normal listed securities rules apply: LTCG after 12 months at 12.5%, STCG at slab rate. The classification should be checked at the fund level.

11. Can ETF capital losses be carried forward?

Yes. Eligible capital losses can be carried forward for up to 8 assessment years, provided the ITR for the loss year was filed on time. Short-term capital loss can offset both STCG and LTCG from any capital asset. Long-term capital loss can only offset LTCG from any capital asset. A gold ETF long-term capital loss can therefore be set off against equity ETF LTCG in the same year. Please consult a qualified Chartered Accountant for transaction-specific guidance.

Disclaimer: This article is for general information and educational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice, a recommendation, or an offer to buy or sell any ETF or securities. ETF tax rules described here are based on the Income Tax Act, 1961 as amended, applicable for FY 2025-26 (AY 2026-27). Classification rules, Section 50AA applicability, and holding period thresholds may differ by fund and may change in subsequent budgets or notifications. Please consult a qualified Chartered Accountant or tax professional for transaction-specific guidance, and a SEBI-registered investment adviser for investment decisions.